BAR CODING FOR BOOKS

ã Book Industry Communication, London, 1998

ISBN 1-873671-00-8

 WHY BOOK PUBLISHERS SHOULD USE BAR CODES

 BAR CODES FOR BOOKS

 RECOMMENDED BAR CODE SYMBOLS

 WHAT IS AN ISBN?

 CONVERTING THE ISBN TO EAN

 HOW TO OBTAIN A BAR CODE

 THE LABELLING ALTERNATIVE

 COLOUR GUIDELINES

 SOURCES OF INFORMATION

 SYSTEM INTEGRITY - A CHECKLIST

 BAR CODE SUPPLIERS

 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT BARCODES

 

WHY BOOK PUBLISHERS SHOULD USE BAR CODES

Bar code scanning is the fastest and most accurate way for retailers to collect the information they need about the products they are selling.

Most major bookshops have now installed electronic point of sale (EPOS) systems with the result that they are able to increase sales and reduce stocks using the sales information they have collected via their EPOS systems. With the numbers of retailers installing EPOS equipment increasing annually, it is essential for publishers to bar code their books in accordance with the standards explained in this booklet.

Publishers who do not bar code their titles could find major retailers refusing the accept a title- which could severely affect its sales.

Publishers of all sizes will get direct or indirect benefits from bar coding:

• The bar codes can be scanned during distribution to ensure accurate servicing to booksellers.
• Retail scanning allows retailers to re-order stock so that a title can be readily on display.

Further information and technical specification are given in ‘Machine Readable Codes for the Book Trade’ (ISBN 0 853866 070-X, price £40 p&p included), the operating manual published by the Publishers Association on behalf of the Machine Readable Codes Joint Working Party. 

BAR CODES FOR BOOKS

A bar code is a rectangular block of parallel bars and light spaces, arranged in a particular format, to meet specific requirements. It is a conversion of eye readable information into machine readable form.

Within the book industry, a bar code contains a book’s International Standard Book Number (ISBN), which is comprised of 10 digits (9 digits plus a check digit), with the option of including one other piece of supplementary information such as the price or stock code for in-house use.

Following an agreement between the ISBN Agency and the International Article Numbering Association (EAN), the ISBN can be incorporated in the EAN-13 bar code.

The prefix 978 has been assigned for use by the international book trade, at no cost to individual publishers, so that products can quickly be identified as books.

The machine readable code is a structured symbol containing three main elements. The EAN-13 bar code forms the main par, with, below the code, an eye readable version of the 13-digit number, and, above the code, an eye readable version of the ISBN relating to that specific version of the publication.

The Publishers Association strongly recommends that all book publishers should, with the objectives of improving handling of stock and facilitating the use of standard technical systems, follow the required trade standards for the use of bar codes on books.

A publisher using a third party distributor should consider advice and comment from the distributor when selecting the most suitable bar code.

RECOMMENDED BAR CODE SYMBOLS

The Basic Symbol - ISBN in EAN Bar Code - Version NR

The Expanded Symbol - ISBN and Price in EAN Bar Code - Version NK

The expanded symbol includes the ISBN in EAN bar code and the UK price in a supplementary bar code. The expanded symbol is primarily for use within a publisher’s warehouse e.g. processing returns.

The identification of the currency prefix within the EAN is by the initial prefix of the ISBN which for English is either 0 or 1. The 5 digit supplementary encodes a UK £ sterling price code which currently always begins with 0, shown in the example, and enables prices between 1p (00001) and £99.99. (09999) to be machine readable. The three horizontal lines above the 5-digit supplementary symbol are an essential part of the symbol. they identify quickly and accurately to the user that it is a price code.

The current allocations of currency prefix digits for English language publishing is as follows.

0 UK £ Sterling Price for Net Books to £99.99

5 US $ price to $99.99

6 Canadian $ price to $99.99

Other Options

Should a publisher wish to identify a variant for in-house purposes which cannot be defined by the ISBN, there are two options:

Version NF

ISBN/EAN symbol with 5 digit supplementary for publisher’s own in-house use. (These supplementary codes always start with 9 within the range 90000-98999).

Version NT

ISBN/EAN symbol with 2 digit supplementary code for in-house significant features. The whole range 00-99 is available in this application.

Magnification Factor	Overall Symbol Size width x height
0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10	40 x 29 44 x 30 47 x 31 49 x 33 51 x 34

  WHAT IS AN ISBN?

The International Standard Book Number system is used world-wide to give a book, and any specifically related material, its own unique number to facilitate bibliographical recording and prevent errors in ordering.

Publishers can only obtain ISBNs from an ISBN agency. For publishers in the UK and Ireland, the Standard Book Numbering Agency Ltd, 12 Dyott Street, London WC1A 1DF (Tel: 0171 420 6000) is the only body authorised to allocate UK ISBN’s and should be contacted by publishing companies before publishing any titles.

The ISBN is a 10 digit number which consists of four standard elements;

1. Group identifier between 1 and 4 digits long: identifies the national, language, geographic or other area in which the book concerned was published. Titles published in the United Kingdom carry an English Language Group identifier of 0 or 1;
2. Publisher identifier: between 2 and 7 digits long, is a unique identifier for a publisher;
3. Title identifier: can be between 1 and 6 digits long, is the individual code for a particular title;
4. The check digit is the final digit and is generated by a modulus 11 algorithm which confirms the validity of the ISBN.

A hyphen separates each part of the ISBN.

CONVERTING THE ISBN TO EAN

In 1980, as a result of activity by the Machine Readable Codes Working Party, agreement was reached between the international Article Numbering Association and the international ISBN Agency to assign a specific 3 digit prefix to the ISBN systems when creating an EAN. The prefix 978 was reserved for use by any publishing organisation.

The ISBN/EAN code and symbol provides the ability for scanning equipment to recognise the product as a book (prefix 978) and incorporating the first 9 digits of the ISBN into the code to identify the unique book on which it appears.

Converting the ISBN into the EAN 13 code is achieved by the bar code manufacturers keying in all 10 digits of the ISBN. The computer software then creates EAN in 4 steps as follows:

1. The ISBN is checked as a valid number.
2. The first 3 digits of the EAN (978) are inserted.
3. The first 9 digits of the ISBN without hyphens now become digits 4-12 of the EAN.
4. The ISBN check (10th) digit is ignored and a new check digit, relevant to the now compiled EAN is computed. Occasionally the EAN check digit will be identical with the original ISBN check digit.

Example: ISBN 0-85386-202-8 converts to ISBN/EAN 9780853862024

N.B. There is a useful calculator for EAN check digits on the ANA Internet site: http://www.ana.org.uk/ana/calculators.htm

SIZE AND LOCATION OF THE ISBN/EAN-13 BAR CODE

The size of the ISBN/EAN bar code is dependent upon the version used and magnification. The nominal magnification is referred to as 100%. Print techniques like letterpress and lithography may produce sufficiently consistent symbols to allow for the symbol magnification to be below 100%. The smallest allowable size is 80% magnification but this greatly reduces the print tolerances available and should only be considered where space is at a high premium. Some retailers refuse to stock products with EAN bar codes at less than 100%.

Flexography and silk screen processes may require symbols to be magnified greater than 100%. The maximum size symbol is at 200% magnification.

Truncation

The height of the bar code is an essential aspect to ensure that it can be scanned first time on all types of scanner. Truncation - shortening of the height of the bar code - should be avoided. If there is a real need to truncate the symbol, this should be kept to a minimum.

Positioning of the Bar Code

The preferred position for the ISBN/EAN-13 symbol is the bottom right-hand corner of the back of the book cover or jacket. The same ruling also applies to slip cases, boxed sets, paperbacks, books with printed covers and directly printed labels.

If an EAN bar code on an adhesive label is being used to cover an existing bar code, the old bar code must be completely obliterated to avoid show-though causing problems when the new bar code is scanned.

The preferred position assists speedy operational use in bookshops or warehouses since staff can rely on finding symbols in one standard position.

As the symbol must be situated on a smooth surface, it is recommended that no part of the symbol and light margins should be closer than 6mm to the edge of the wrapper/cover, or the crease where the cover is shaped over the spine.

The light margins to the left and right of the symbol (defined by the corner marks on the film master, but usually excluded at the artwork stage) are vital to ensure that the bar code is scannable, shrink-wrapping does not normally present problems when being scanned.

If in Doubt

Useful sources for technical advice on print quality are film master suppliers and experienced printers.

HOW TO OBTAIN A BAR CODE

Bar codes must be printed to the standards specified to ensure that they read properly the first time they are scanned.

The ISBN/EAN symbol can be printed by any of the conventional printing methods e.g. letterpress, litho, flexography, silk screen, photogravure etc., providing that the requirements of the printing process selected are allowed for in the manufacture of the symbol.

The most satisfactory way for a publisher to obtain a good clean image for printing a bar code is to use a film master of the ISBN/EAN symbol for a particular title, which can be incorporated into the cover or jacket artwork. The film master is a piece of line film on which the symbol has been plotted to an extremely high degree of precision.

Printing processes cannot produce perfect and identical impressions. In relation to bar code printing there is a tendency for lines to be printed slightly wider than shown on the original and for the width of the bars to vary between successive impressions. This can often vary considerably depending on the print process.

The Role of the Film Master

The film master process has been designed to overcome these problems. For example, bar width reduction can be applied to the bard during the process of manufacturing the film master to compensate for print gain so that the printed symbol achieves ideal dimensions. Magnification of the symbol increases the print tolerances available and can therefore ensure that the range of variability in a print run is within the print tolerance.

Film masters are produced by specialist suppliers who use specific software to ensure a high quality of symbol production for the book trade.

A list of these companies is enclosed. Updates are available from AIM-UK (address on page 14).

The film master supplier can provide useful assistance to publishers embarking on the production of their first symbol, or technical help to an experienced publisher, needing, for example, to assess the suitability of a particular colour of ink.

Alternatives are labelling (see page 9) and in-house direct printing (see page 10).

Ordering

To order a film master the supplier will need the following information.

The basic details should be provided by the publishers, the print related parameters may require liaison with the printer and film master supplier.

To order a film master, a publisher will need to supply to the film master supplier the following information:

1. The ISBN for the title to generate the EAN-13 bar code and the eye-readable numerics. The ISBN, including the check digit, must be given in full, using the hyphenated form.
2. The supplier’s computerised generating equipment will check that the ISBN is a valid number although it is the responsibility of the customer to ensure that the ISBN is the correct one for that title. The film master supplier makes the required calculations to provide the correct EAN-13 bar code with the appropriate check digit.
3. Quantity: in most instances a single copy will be sufficient.
4. i) If a duplicate is required it is economical to order it at the same time.

   ii) Quantity is generally expressed in the form of a 2-digit number (e.g. 01, 02....99).

5. Suppliers will need to know which of the four version is required:

NR - basic ISBN/EAN symbol

NK - ISBN/EAN symbol with 5-digit encodation

NF - ISBN/EAN symbol plus 5-digit supplementary code

NT - ISBN/EAN symbol plus 2-digit supplementary code

If versions NK, NT or NF are being used, the supplier will need to have exact details. Remember that:-

• Version NK is for price encodation in the United Kingdom and the supplementary value can be 00001 to 09999 (1p to £99.99).
• All the values (00-99) can be used with Version NT.
• Version NF must be within the range 90000-98999 and must begin with a 9, but the other four digits need be meaningful only to the publisher.

1. Descriptive details must not exceed 30 alphabetic and/or numeric characters.
2. The details usually supplied are the author and title - in reduced form, if necessary.

   This information, which is used purely to ensure that the correct code appears on the book should be deleted prior to printing, as should the film corner marks.

3. A brief outline of the print parameters relating to ISBN/EAN symbols follows on page 13. It is strongly recommended that publishers liaise with their film master supplier and printer on these points, which will effect the size of the symbol, and to establish prior to printing what changes may be required.

THE LABELLING ALTERNATIVE

The alternative to printing the symbol directly onto the book or book jacket is an adhesive label generated from either:

1. A film master and a printing plate;
2. Direct in-house printing such as thermal transfer or laser. However, the aesthetics may be of a lower standards and a capital cost will be involved;
3. Bureau-produced labels. The aesthetics will be equal, if not superior, to direct in-house printing and no capital cost is involved.

For the best results, the symbol on the label should be printed from a film master. Providing care has been taken in ordering from a recommended supplier, the results should be effective.

The adhesive specification used for labels must also meet a publisher’s requirements. For example, some publishing houses may require permanent labels for their books while others may need peelable labels e.g. for gift books.

Directly printed labels can be produced in a variety of layouts and presentations including the production of sheets and reels, special cartridges to fit applicator tools, or even as part of a production line combined printer/application system.

Ultimately, however, it is what is printed on the label that is crucial, and quality controlled origination processes are therefore vital to ensure that the label is scannable.

The Machine Readable Codes Working Party offers the following advice regarding the graphic structure and layout of directly printed symbols:

1. The ISBN must be correctly presented. It must appear separately, above the EAN 13 symbol.
2. The ISBN must be linked to the EAN-13 bar code. It must be the only number entered to produce the symbol, i.e. the software must be capable of automatically validating the ISBN and, from this, generating an EAN.
3. The EAN-13 bar code symbol must be scannable.

IN-HOUSE PRINTING OF BAR CODES

Some publishing companies may possess or have access to computer-related facilities that could be used to produce bar codes.

Most dot matrix printers are not suitable for printing bar codes. The techniques most likely to meet the exacting requirements for the ISBN/EAN-13 symbol will be thermal transfer and laser printing.

Durability of the mage is also a deciding factor when selecting a system. The symbol should be capable of lasting for approximately two years ad be able to withstand up to 10 scans. Some direct printing processes may not be able to offer these standards, while others may be affected by handling and exposure to ultra-violet light and by electronic scanning equipment.

When investing in in-house systems, publishes should also make allowances for future production needs. Publishers opting for in-house system should contact AIM-UK and the BPIF, for a copy of their directory of members detailing products and services offered.

BUREAU SERVICES

Publishers who decide to use a specialist bureau service must ensure that the supplier is not only aware of the standards and recommendations set out in the publication "Machine Readable Codes for the Book Trade", but is also able to meet the printer/publisher’s requirements.

The following organisations can advise publishing houses regarding recognised agencies:-

COLOUR GUIDELINES

All scanning of printed images, including human vision, works by light being absorbed and reflected by the colours in that printed image. The first point to appreciate with bar code scanning is that the scanner perceives colours differently from the way that they are seen by the human eye.

EAN bar codes are scanned in the orange-red area of the light spectrum, and the bar codes must have sufficient contrast at this wavelength. This means that colours which are perceived as dark to the human eye can be light to a scanner and vice versa. Reference to the ANA Bar Code Colour and Size Guide illustrates that colour combinations have to be chosen correctly.

For absolute precision, there is no alternative but to carry out reflectance and print contrast measurements under the EAN Specification. However some simple guidelines can be stated:

1. Black bars on white backgrounds. This is the ideal
2. Coloured bars on white backgrounds. It is relatively easy for a film master supplier or printer to assess the suitability of an ink colour on a white substrate.
3. Black bars on a coloured background. Yellows and reds are acceptable background colours. Other colours should be tested. It is possible to select coloured substrates or to use a substrate with a yellow or red printed background.
4. Colour on colour is the most complex combination because the printing of one colour over the other may itself create a different contrast than from the two individual colours.
5. Generally the ‘warm’ colours (yellow, orange, red) are suitable for the background spaces; while the cold colours (blue and green) are suitable for printing the bars. Browns, purples and mauves which contain a mixture of blue/black as well as yellow/red should be tested for their reflectance values under the EAN specification. Pale greens and blues are also a problem because of their yellow/white content. Film master manufacturers may be able to help with advice on colour selection.
6. Metallic colours such as gold and silver should not be used for the bars or background colour because they can reflect the scanning beam at unpredictable angles.
7. Embossed cover/jacket material should also be avoided as a substrate. If embossing is used, it should not impinge within 1 cm of the bar code symbol.

PRINT-RELATED PARAMETERS

To specify print-related parameters correctly, required some knowledge and experience of bar code printing. Many publishers are not expected to have this knowledge, and so should liaise with the printer of the cover or jacket and the film master supplier.

The following explanation is given to explain the significance of these parameters.

1. Magnification Factor
2. The size of the symbol is determined primarily by the print process, or more strictly the variation in the print process. This causes the intended widths of bars and spaces to vary between impressions. Some variation is allowed because it is within tolerance for a given magnification factor Where variation is excessive it is possible to increase the print tolerance by printing the symbol at a larger magnification.

   Magnification can be set between 80% and 200% of the nominal size, but wherever possible minimum magnification should be avoided to prevent scanning problems, see page 6.

3. Bar Width Reduction
4. All the processes, from creating the original artwork through platemaking and to the print process itself, can result in the individual bars becoming generally thicker than intended, a feature known as ‘print gain’ or ‘ink spread’. Whereas variation (see (i) above) is concerned with the range of bar widths, print gain is concerned with the average width of the printed bars. To overcome this, bar width reduction is applied during the manufacture of the film master. The narrow bars on the film master, will still be subject to print gain, but should now be printed at their ideal width.
5. Image Polarity & Emulsion (or Image) Orientation

Appendix A

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

The UK branch of a global affiliation of trade associates of Automatic Identification Manufacturers. Over 100 publications range from free introductory brochures to a three-volume market survey of Auto Identification in Western Europe and include a useful Glossary of Auto ID Terminology.

E-CENTRE UK is the only organisation authorised in this country to give our manufacturers numbers or the first 7 digits in an ordinary EAN number code. Has negotiated with The Publishers Association (who on behalf of UK publishers is a member of ANA) the EAN guaranteed ‘ISBN flag’ 978 and to incorporate the ISBN in to the EAN in place of the manufacturer number. Copies of the ANA Bar Code Colour and Size Guide may be obtained from this address.

Established and jointly funded by the Publishers Association, the Booksellers Association, the Library Association and the British Library to develop and promote standards for information communication throughout the book industry. Responsible for assisting publishers with any queries and information on the use of machine readable codes.

Publishes its lists of members. Through its various committees and working parties, monitors developments in Auto ID in book retailing.

Trade and employees association representing over 3000 companies in the UK printing industry. Has a number of specialised divisions two of which, the Book Section and the Label Printers Group, are particularly relevant to Auto ID.

Association for magazine publishers. Monitors the use of ISSN’s (International Standard Serial Numbers), the basis for EAN bar codes used in magazines, periodicals and journals.

Represents the interests of UK publishers of books, related materials and journals. The Publishers Association is a member of ANA in the UK on behalf of UK publishers, which enables any UK publisher to use the EAN Association guaranteed ‘ISBN flag’ of 978. This means that the Publishers Association is responsible with the ANA for use of the ISBN flag.

Responsible for allocating International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN’s) which are based on international standard 1S0 2108-1972(E). Provides general information about ISBNs and is responsible for monitoring the ISBN system in Great Britain.

Responsible for issuing ISSNs for use on newspapers, magazines, periodicals and journals.

Appendix B

 SYSTEM INTEGRITY - A CHECKLIST

1. Through appropriate computer programming, only the ISBN can be used as the basis for creating the EAN-13 bar code.
2. The ISBN check digit is validated.
3. Under no circumstances can the EAN-13 be key-entered to create an ISBN/EAN symbol.
4. The systems which produces the directly printed symbol should have the facility to provide a magnification factor to ensure that all bar and space widths are within tolerance.
5. Although unlikely to be achievable using direct printing techniques, bar width reduction should be applied to keep bar widths within tolerance.
6. The complete symbol must be produced in one operation. The use of cut-and-paste techniques to re-arrange elements of the symbol would destroy the dimensional accuracy and seriously jeopardise successful scanning within the retail environment.

Appendix C

 BAR CODE SUPPLIERS